Policy-relevant questions

Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 7223 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and October 08, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 9.08% are Black/African American, 18.68% are LatinX, and 28.80% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 1878)\)
• No \((N = 4287)\)
• Didn’t Qualify \((N = 865)\)
• Intend to apply \((N = 174)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.00	> .999
Intend to apply	0.66	.416
No	4.12	.042
Yes	3.78	.052

West

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.02	.888
Intend to apply	0.00	> .999
No	1.48	.224
Yes	1.54	.215

Northeast

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.08	.782
Intend to apply	1.91	.167
No	1.27	.259
Yes	0.97	.325

Midwest

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.00	.947
Intend to apply	0.02	.890
No	0.00	> .999
Yes	0.00	> .999

Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	1.32	.251
Intend to apply	13.26	< .001
No	31.28	< .001
Yes	34.01	< .001

LatinX

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.03	.860
Intend to apply	0.67	.413
No	6.99	.008
Yes	6.10	.014

Low income

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	24.20	< .001
Intend to apply	19.20	< .001
No	685.84	< .001
Yes	988.30	< .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	30.87	< .001
Intend to apply	21.67	< .001
No	783.45	< .001
Yes	1083.13	< .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	24.85	< .001
Intend to apply	29.00	< .001
No	696.25	< .001
Yes	995.37	< .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	26.75	< .001
Intend to apply	21.12	< .001
No	693.26	< .001
Yes	998.79	< .001

Income by South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	26.75	< .001
Intend to apply	21.12	< .001
No	693.26	< .001
Yes	998.79	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Didn’t Qualify - Intend to apply	-3.17	-7.23	0.89	.419
Didn’t Qualify - No	4.99	3.17	6.81	< .001
Didn’t Qualify - Yes	-3.51	-5.51	-1.50	.003
Intend to apply - No	8.16	4.38	11.93	< .001
Intend to apply - Yes	-0.34	-4.21	3.53	.998
No - Yes	-8.50	-9.85	-7.15	< .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Health/Medical \((N = 1033)\)
• Food \((N = 362)\)
• Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 277)\)
• Disability (not military) \((N = 235)\)
• Military Pension \((N = 2)\)
• Military Disability \((N = )\)
• Military Medical Care \((N = 3)\)
• Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 138)\)
• Housing Subsidy \((N = 46)\)
• Child Care Subsidy \((N = 28)\)
• Other \((N = 30)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.05	.817
Food	0.04	.844
Income	0.28	.599
Disability	1.52	.218
Military pension	1.43	.232
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.43	.511
Military	1.00	.317
Housing	0.45	.502
Childcare	0.24	.624
Other	0.00	.977

West

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.01	.943
Food	0.19	.661
Income	0.04	.840
Disability	8.41	.004
Military pension	0.00	.969
Military disability	0.26	.607
Military medical	0.88	.348
Military	6.12	.013
Housing	4.58	.032
Childcare	0.00	> .999
Other	0.02	.881

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Health	4.32	.038
Food	0.74	.391
Income	5.61	.018
Disability	1.02	.314
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.03	.856
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	0.76	.384
Housing	1.93	.165
Childcare	2.55	.110
Other	0.39	.534

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Health	1.90	.168
Food	0.26	.613
Income	2.77	.096
Disability	6.25	.012
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	0.24	.622
Housing	3.18	.074
Childcare	0.20	.651
Other	0.44	.508

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	2.58	.108
Food	35.77	< .001
Income	56.85	< .001
Disability	0.07	.786
Military pension	0.61	.435
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	7.30	.007
Housing	10.51	.001
Childcare	1.64	.200
Other	0.02	.882

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	2.76	.097
Food	2.99	.084
Income	0.00	.986
Disability	0.01	.922
Military pension	0.05	.824
Military disability	0.91	.340
Military medical	0.01	.923
Military	0.08	.773
Housing	3.62	.057
Childcare	0.00	> .999
Other	1.99	.159

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Health	486.91	< .001
Food	109.41	< .001
Income	135.38	< .001
Disability	107.56	< .001
Military disability	0.06	.808
Military medical	0.06	.808
Military	92.98	< .001
Housing	28.91	< .001
Childcare	1.41	.235
Other	14.09	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Health	525.44	< .001
Food	118.26	< .001
Income	157.57	< .001
Disability	194.11	< .001
Military disability	1.52	.678
Military medical	1.52	.678
Military	116.30	< .001
Housing	32.55	< .001
Childcare	2.95	.400
Other	17.16	.001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	489.76	< .001
Food	137.11	< .001
Income	193.54	< .001
Disability	108.15	< .001
Military disability	1.21	.750
Military medical	1.21	.750
Military	102.71	< .001
Housing	35.32	< .001
Childcare	2.93	.403
Other	16.14	.001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	505.82	< .001
Food	122.65	< .001
Income	139.87	< .001
Disability	107.67	< .001
Military disability	16.55	.001
Military medical	1.56	.667
Military	102.90	< .001
Housing	41.52	< .001
Childcare	3.31	.347
Other	26.10	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	490.85	< .001
Food	113.59	< .001
Income	139.37	< .001
Disability	115.33	< .001
Military disability	2.45	.484
Military medical	2.45	.484
Military	94.41	< .001
Housing	35.15	< .001
Childcare	2.10	.552
Other	16.82	.001

Related to well-being

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

• Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 3599)\)
• No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 224)\)
• No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 388)\)
• Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 110)\)
• Other \((N = 55)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.62	.432
No, not expected	0.03	.873
Other	0.01	.920
Unsure	0.00	> .999
Yes	0.26	.613

West

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.24	.623
No, not expected	15.51	< .001
Other	0.19	.662
Unsure	1.68	.195
Yes	11.81	.001

Northeast

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.01	.932
No, not expected	2.89	.089
Other	0.19	.663
Unsure	0.41	.522
Yes	2.84	.092

Midwest

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.20	.657
No, not expected	8.28	.004
Other	0.00	.978
Unsure	0.47	.495
Yes	7.57	.006

Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	12.94	< .001
No, not expected	1.55	.213
Other	0.01	.904
Unsure	3.42	.065
Yes	2.71	.100

LatinX

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.07	.795
No, not expected	6.68	.010
Other	0.89	.346
Unsure	2.79	.095
Yes	10.23	.001

Low income

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.82	.365
No, not expected	0.22	.639
Other	24.29	< .001
Unsure	10.28	.001
Yes	7.83	.005

Income by Employment

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	2.01	.570
No, not expected	0.33	.954
Other	27.38	< .001
Unsure	18.29	< .001
Yes	8.84	.032

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	18.53	< .001
No, not expected	3.59	.309
Other	26.61	< .001
Unsure	15.34	.002
Yes	13.16	.004

Income by Latinx

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	2.25	.522
No, not expected	8.99	.029
Other	29.86	< .001
Unsure	12.02	.007
Yes	18.75	< .001

Income by South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	2.25	.522
No, not expected	8.99	.029
Other	29.86	< .001
Unsure	12.02	.007
Yes	18.75	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, expected - No, not expected	0.11	-4.04	4.26	> .999
No, expected - Other	-2.46	-9.90	4.98	.967
No, expected - Unsure	2.01	-3.75	7.76	.960
No, expected - Yes	0.17	-3.24	3.57	> .999
No, not expected - Other	-2.57	-9.69	4.55	.955
No, not expected - Unsure	1.90	-3.44	7.24	.957
No, not expected - Yes	0.06	-2.58	2.70	> .999
Other - Unsure	4.47	-3.70	12.63	.821
Other - Yes	2.63	-4.09	9.35	.940
Unsure - Yes	-1.84	-6.62	2.95	.944

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

• Has decreased \((N = 3177)\)
• Has stayed the same \((N = 3099)\)
• Has increased \((N = 909)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	4.59	.032
Increased	9.52	.002
Stayed the same	0.00	.963

West

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	1.63	.202
Increased	0.02	.899
Stayed the same	1.94	.164

Northeast

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	3.98	.046
Increased	3.97	.046
Stayed the same	0.39	.531

Midwest

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	4.08	.043
Increased	2.37	.124
Stayed the same	0.92	.337

Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	8.92	.003
Increased	2.33	.127
Stayed the same	3.72	.054

LatinX

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	37.62	< .001
Increased	3.38	.066
Stayed the same	23.80	< .001

Low income

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	96.80	< .001
Increased	1.80	.180
Stayed the same	117.46	< .001

Income by Employment

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	208.05	< .001
Increased	10.30	.016
Stayed the same	185.53	< .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	91.60	< .001
Increased	7.40	.060
Stayed the same	103.11	< .001

Income by Latinx

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	107.13	< .001
Increased	2.36	.501
Stayed the same	116.91	< .001

Income by South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	107.13	< .001
Increased	2.36	.501
Stayed the same	116.91	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	5.68	3.85	7.51	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	8.83	7.60	10.06	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	3.15	1.31	4.99	.002

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-3.98	-7.10	-0.87	.025
Decreased	-5.10	-7.98	-2.23	.002
Increased	-7.34	-13.47	-1.21	.025

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	0.66	-1.69	3.01	> .999
Decreased	-2.81	-4.93	-0.70	.028
Increased	-0.95	-5.34	3.44	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	4.00	1.91	6.10	< .001
Decreased	6.36	4.48	8.24	< .001
Increased	8.19	4.57	11.82	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	14.29	10.44	18.15	< .001
Decreased	10.56	6.98	14.13	< .001
Increased	13.90	7.87	19.94	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	0.98	-1.17	3.14	.643
Decreased - Stayed the same	5.73	4.28	7.17	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	4.74	2.59	6.90	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-5.17	-8.84	-1.50	.012
Decreased	-5.13	-8.53	-1.73	.009
Increased	-2.52	-9.54	4.50	.482

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	3.51	0.74	6.27	.039
Decreased	-1.08	-3.59	1.43	.684
Increased	2.44	-2.59	7.46	.684

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	4.17	1.71	6.64	.002
Decreased	3.78	1.54	6.03	.002
Increased	10.07	5.92	14.22	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	19.73	15.20	24.25	< .001
Decreased	14.83	10.61	19.06	< .001
Increased	16.99	10.11	23.87	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	3.32	1.64	5.01	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	7.28	6.15	8.41	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	3.96	2.26	5.65	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-4.64	-7.53	-1.75	.003
Decreased	-5.13	-7.77	-2.50	< .001
Increased	-4.93	-10.51	0.64	.083

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	2.09	-0.09	4.27	.165
Decreased	-1.90	-3.84	0.04	.165
Increased	0.77	-3.22	4.76	.706

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	4.06	2.12	6.00	< .001
Decreased	5.06	3.34	6.79	< .001
Increased	9.14	5.86	12.42	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	17.01	13.45	20.57	< .001
Decreased	12.67	9.41	15.94	< .001
Increased	15.44	9.99	20.89	< .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

• No problems \((N = 2088)\)
• Minor problems \((N = 3684)\)
• Major problems \((N = 1095)\)
• Extreme problems \((N = 349)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	15.29	< .001
Minor	0.03	.867
Major	14.41	< .001
Extreme	2.00	.157

West

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	2.38	.123
Minor	0.47	.494
Major	1.55	.213
Extreme	7.68	.006

Northeast

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	7.17	.007
Minor	2.18	.139
Major	1.96	.162
Extreme	0.01	.906

Midwest

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	0.18	.669
Minor	0.10	.749
Major	2.88	.090
Extreme	1.12	.291

Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	19.04	< .001
Minor	0.01	.913
Major	9.42	.002
Extreme	18.87	< .001

LatinX

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	36.78	< .001
Minor	4.77	.029
Major	17.77	< .001
Extreme	0.29	.592

Low income

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	479.98	< .001
Minor	4.82	.028
Major	263.50	< .001
Extreme	205.28	< .001

Income by Employment

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	570.57	< .001
Minor	42.86	< .001
Major	326.87	< .001
Extreme	316.67	< .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	487.94	< .001
Minor	7.62	.055
Major	268.31	< .001
Extreme	215.93	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.059
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.116
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	499.37	< .001
Minor	8.18	.042
Major	270.69	< .001
Extreme	211.96	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.059
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.116
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	499.37	< .001
Minor	8.18	.042
Major	270.69	< .001
Extreme	211.96	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-10.36	-11.62	-9.09	< .001
None - Major	-22.61	-24.33	-20.88	< .001
None - Extreme	-33.48	-36.15	-30.81	< .001
Minor - Major	-12.25	-13.84	-10.66	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-23.12	-25.71	-20.54	< .001
Major - Extreme	-10.88	-13.71	-8.04	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-6.77	-9.45	-4.08	< .001
None	-5.66	-9.51	-1.80	.008
Major	-4.68	-9.02	-0.34	.035
Extreme	-13.69	-20.98	-6.40	.001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-2.70	-4.64	-0.76	.026
None	0.66	-2.11	3.44	.638
Major	-1.89	-5.18	1.40	.522
Extreme	-5.80	-12.53	0.93	.277

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	0.35	-1.38	2.09	.966
None	-1.55	-4.62	1.52	.966
Major	1.98	-1.01	4.97	.777
Extreme	-2.68	-9.24	3.87	.966

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	10.23	6.93	13.53	< .001
None	9.47	4.18	14.77	.001
Major	7.74	3.01	12.48	.003
Extreme	6.18	-1.79	14.14	.129

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-8.98	-10.51	-7.44	< .001
None - Major	-17.30	-19.39	-15.21	< .001
None - Extreme	-21.49	-24.73	-18.24	< .001
Minor - Major	-8.32	-10.25	-6.39	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-12.51	-15.65	-9.37	< .001
Major - Extreme	-4.19	-7.64	-0.74	.081

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-7.17	-10.39	-3.94	< .001
None	-3.20	-7.72	1.32	.330
Major	-8.38	-14.12	-2.65	.013
Extreme	-3.48	-12.71	5.75	.461

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.45	-2.78	1.89	> .999
None	4.51	1.28	7.74	.025
Major	-0.08	-4.46	4.30	> .999
Extreme	-5.48	-13.94	2.99	.616

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.61	-2.69	1.47	> .999
None	4.00	0.39	7.62	.120
Major	1.77	-2.17	5.70	> .999
Extreme	-0.46	-8.75	7.83	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	16.52	12.58	20.46	< .001
None	11.18	5.00	17.36	.001
Major	14.73	8.47	20.99	< .001
Extreme	13.96	4.14	23.79	.006

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.68	-10.86	-8.51	< .001
None - Major	-19.96	-21.56	-18.36	< .001
None - Extreme	-27.50	-29.98	-25.03	< .001
Minor - Major	-10.28	-11.75	-8.80	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-17.82	-20.22	-15.42	< .001
Major - Extreme	-7.54	-10.17	-4.91	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-6.98	-9.46	-4.51	< .001
None	-4.52	-8.02	-1.01	.023
Major	-6.52	-10.73	-2.32	.007
Extreme	-8.59	-15.40	-1.78	.023

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-1.55	-3.35	0.24	.239
None	2.60	0.08	5.12	.172
Major	-0.98	-4.18	2.23	.550
Extreme	-5.58	-11.80	0.64	.239

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.14	-1.74	1.45	> .999
None	1.16	-1.64	3.97	> .999
Major	1.86	-1.02	4.74	.823
Extreme	-1.56	-7.62	4.50	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	13.37	10.34	16.40	< .001
None	10.34	5.53	15.15	< .001
Major	11.16	6.59	15.74	< .001
Extreme	10.06	2.75	17.37	.007

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

• No \((N = 5166)\)
• Yes \((N = 2048)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	5.35	.021
Yes	5.35	.021

West

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	5.4	.020
Yes	5.4	.020

Northeast

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	2.55	.110
Yes	2.55	.110

Midwest

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	2.46	.117
Yes	2.46	.117

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	0	> .999
Yes	0	> .999

LatinX

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	18.23	< .001
Yes	18.23	< .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	47.27	< .001
Yes	47.27	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	85.24	< .001
Yes	85.24	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	61.87	< .001
Yes	61.87	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	57.25	< .001
Yes	57.25	< .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	57.25	< .001
Yes	57.25	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-8.25	-9.53	-6.98	< .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

• No \((N = 5883)\)
• Yes \((N = 771)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	3.48	.062
Yes	3.48	.062

West

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.92	.337
Yes	0.92	.337

Northeast

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.08	.776
Yes	0.08	.776

Midwest

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.6	.439
Yes	0.6	.439

Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.07	.789
Yes	0.07	.789

LatinX

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	21.22	< .001
Yes	21.22	< .001

Low income

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	31.7	< .001
Yes	31.7	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	75.56	< .001
Yes	75.56	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	40.6	< .001
Yes	40.6	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	43.58	< .001
Yes	43.58	< .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	43.58	< .001
Yes	43.58	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-11.28	-13.16	-9.41	< .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Cost \((N = 136)\)
• Unable to get time away from work \((N = 127)\)
• Inability to find childcare \((N = 221)\)
• Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1617)\)
• Caring for family members \((N = 125)\)
• Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 137)\)
• Other, please describe \((N = 387)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	2.11	.146
Time away from work	0.59	.442
Inability find childcare	1.10	.294
Concern for covid	0.42	.517
Caring for family	0.00	.991
Vaccine hesitancy	0.04	.845
Other	12.39	< .001

West

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.01	.938
Time away from work	1.39	.238
Inability find childcare	1.33	.248
Concern for covid	2.56	.109
Caring for family	1.39	.238
Vaccine hesitancy	0.76	.384
Other	0.49	.483

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	3.36	.067
Time away from work	2.39	.122
Inability find childcare	0.03	.859
Concern for covid	1.75	.186
Caring for family	4.17	.041
Vaccine hesitancy	1.25	.264
Other	1.61	.204

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.02	.894
Time away from work	0.58	.448
Inability find childcare	0.02	.893
Concern for covid	0.04	.837
Caring for family	0.10	.758
Vaccine hesitancy	0.08	.780
Other	4.07	.044

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.00	.974
Time away from work	2.35	.125
Inability find childcare	0.01	.914
Concern for covid	0.21	.644
Caring for family	0.12	.728
Vaccine hesitancy	5.77	.016
Other	9.11	.003

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	9.06	.003
Time away from work	0.40	.525
Inability find childcare	2.20	.138
Concern for covid	25.44	< .001
Caring for family	2.17	.141
Vaccine hesitancy	0.06	.805
Other	5.72	.017

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	10.86	.001
Time away from work	3.37	.066
Inability find childcare	21.84	< .001
Concern for covid	36.19	< .001
Caring for family	13.55	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	13.05	< .001
Other	0.96	.326

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	23.37	< .001
Time away from work	11.28	.010
Inability find childcare	34.15	< .001
Concern for covid	68.19	< .001
Caring for family	24.65	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	26.34	< .001
Other	7.25	.064

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	14.08	.003
Time away from work	4.60	.203
Inability find childcare	23.69	< .001
Concern for covid	46.33	< .001
Caring for family	18.80	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	19.79	< .001
Other	13.61	.003

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	14.60	.002
Time away from work	7.01	.072
Inability find childcare	25.19	< .001
Concern for covid	54.43	< .001
Caring for family	20.51	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	18.37	< .001
Other	6.29	.098

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	14.14	.003
Time away from work	5.37	.146
Inability find childcare	24.23	< .001
Concern for covid	37.75	< .001
Caring for family	14.31	.003
Vaccine hesitancy	17.83	< .001
Other	12.01	.007

Related to well-being

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2334)\)
• No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1163)\)
• No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3361)\)
• Unsure \((N = 349)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.19	.664
No, not eligible	8.28	.004
Unsure	0.06	.814
Yes	12.74	< .001

West

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	5.95	.015
No, not eligible	1.58	.209
Unsure	1.15	.284
Yes	0.00	.976

Northeast

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	6.37	.012
No, not eligible	27.69	< .001
Unsure	0.38	.537
Yes	15.24	< .001

Midwest

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.02	.894
No, not eligible	0.00	.995
Unsure	0.72	.397
Yes	0.31	.576

Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	1.71	.191
No, not eligible	73.80	< .001
Unsure	1.42	.233
Yes	75.34	< .001

LatinX

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	2.98	.084
No, not eligible	59.93	< .001
Unsure	2.53	.111
Yes	37.24	< .001

Low income

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	3.36	.067
No, not eligible	1071.39	< .001
Unsure	5.39	.020
Yes	1273.39	< .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	12.06	.007
No, not eligible	1123.02	< .001
Unsure	7.70	.053
Yes	1318.12	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	12.86	.005
No, not eligible	1096.30	< .001
Unsure	11.76	.008
Yes	1291.40	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	8.18	.043
No, not eligible	1097.81	< .001
Unsure	7.52	.057
Yes	1291.10	< .001

Income by South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	8.18	.043
No, not eligible	1097.81	< .001
Unsure	7.52	.057
Yes	1291.10	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, know how - No, not eligible	1.51	-0.16	3.18	.289
No, know how - Unsure	-3.31	-6.31	-0.32	.133
No, know how - Yes	-3.90	-5.66	-2.14	< .001
No, not eligible - Unsure	-4.82	-7.59	-2.06	.004
No, not eligible - Yes	-5.41	-6.73	-4.08	< .001
Unsure - Yes	-0.59	-3.41	2.23	.977

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

• Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1672)\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1304)\)
• No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1672)\)
• No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1295)\)
• No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 134)\)
• Not applicable \((N = 483)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.28	.600
No, didn’t know how	1.87	.172
No, not available	16.57	< .001
No, planned	0.28	.599
Yes	12.68	< .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.43	.232
No, didn’t know how	2.44	.119
No, not available	16.87	< .001
No, planned	1.91	.167
Yes	5.30	.021

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	4.08	.043
No, didn’t know how	0.72	.397
No, not available	0.00	.958
No, planned	6.33	.012
Yes	12.85	< .001

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.17	.279
No, didn’t know how	6.13	.013
No, not available	0.01	.906
No, planned	0.00	.959
Yes	2.37	.123

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.47	.225
No, didn’t know how	1.73	.188
No, not available	7.81	.005
No, planned	15.79	< .001
Yes	27.23	< .001

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.80	.372
No, didn’t know how	0.85	.358
No, not available	5.48	.019
No, planned	50.35	< .001
Yes	66.85	< .001

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.44	.506
No, didn’t know how	9.42	.002
No, not available	100.89	< .001
No, planned	194.94	< .001
Yes	514.00	< .001

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.44	.506
No, didn’t know how	9.42	.002
No, not available	100.89	< .001
No, planned	194.94	< .001
Yes	514.00	< .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	4.55	.208
No, didn’t know how	11.23	.011
No, not available	106.48	< .001
No, planned	210.54	< .001
Yes	544.10	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	4.69	.196
No, didn’t know how	17.39	.001
No, not available	105.33	< .001
No, planned	200.81	< .001
Yes	518.09	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.64	.650
No, didn’t know how	12.30	.006
No, not available	105.15	< .001
No, planned	225.90	< .001
Yes	544.65	< .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	1.64	.650
No, didn’t know how	12.30	.006
No, not available	105.15	< .001
No, planned	225.90	< .001
Yes	544.65	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
(N/A) - No, didn’t know how	2.79	-2.02	7.60	.787
(N/A) - No, not available	5.69	3.07	8.32	< .001
(N/A) - No, planned	4.38	1.76	7.01	.010
(N/A) - Yes	0.22	-2.33	2.76	> .999
No, didn’t know how - No, not available	2.91	-1.56	7.37	.707
No, didn’t know how - No, planned	1.59	-2.88	6.06	.957
No, didn’t know how - Yes	-2.57	-7.00	1.85	.785
No, not available - No, planned	-1.31	-3.24	0.62	.672
No, not available - Yes	-5.48	-7.30	-3.66	< .001
No, planned - Yes	-4.17	-5.99	-2.34	< .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

• Very hard \((N = 513)\)
• Hard \((N = 772)\)
• Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
• Not very hard \((N = 4064)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	22.64	< .001
Somewhat hard	9.44	.002
Hard	2.00	.158
Very hard	4.64	.031

West

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	6.38	.012
Somewhat hard	3.54	.060
Hard	1.77	.184
Very hard	10.70	.001

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	7.04	.008
Somewhat hard	3.03	.082
Hard	0.33	.569
Very hard	1.81	.179

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	0.15	.698
Somewhat hard	0.00	> .999
Hard	6.17	.013
Very hard	4.56	.033

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	36.37	< .001
Somewhat hard	10.07	.002
Hard	4.11	.043
Very hard	13.21	< .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	63.70	< .001
Somewhat hard	20.79	< .001
Hard	25.69	< .001
Very hard	2.04	.154

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	855.85	< .001
Somewhat hard	181.97	< .001
Hard	212.41	< .001
Very hard	266.67	< .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	962.99	< .001
Somewhat hard	216.22	< .001
Hard	226.79	< .001
Very hard	341.15	< .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	880.54	< .001
Somewhat hard	193.63	< .001
Hard	219.94	< .001
Very hard	269.24	< .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	887.13	< .001
Somewhat hard	189.25	< .001
Hard	235.51	< .001
Very hard	269.42	< .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	887.13	< .001
Somewhat hard	189.25	< .001
Hard	235.51	< .001
Very hard	269.42	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-10.64	-11.94	-9.34	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-17.71	-19.54	-15.88	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-26.44	-28.62	-24.25	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-7.07	-9.06	-5.08	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-15.80	-18.12	-13.47	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-8.73	-11.38	-6.07	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.53	-8.27	-2.78	< .001
Somewhat hard	-7.58	-11.12	-4.04	< .001
Hard	-5.17	-10.57	0.22	.060
Very hard	-9.10	-15.32	-2.87	.009

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-0.83	-2.80	1.15	.413
Somewhat hard	-2.67	-5.33	0.00	.150
Hard	-2.66	-6.58	1.25	.366
Very hard	-8.36	-13.58	-3.14	.007

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-0.85	-2.80	1.11	> .999
Somewhat hard	1.32	-1.08	3.72	> .999
Hard	0.33	-3.35	4.02	> .999
Very hard	-2.25	-7.38	2.88	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	6.46	2.53	10.38	.004
Somewhat hard	11.12	6.84	15.40	< .001
Hard	6.59	1.28	11.91	.030
Very hard	6.84	0.70	12.98	.030

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-8.73	-10.30	-7.16	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-14.80	-17.01	-12.59	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-16.66	-19.29	-14.02	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.07	-8.48	-3.67	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-7.93	-10.73	-5.13	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-1.85	-5.06	1.35	.668

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.18	-8.42	-1.95	.005
Somewhat hard	-7.55	-11.85	-3.26	.002
Hard	-6.53	-13.36	0.29	.122
Very hard	-5.95	-14.09	2.19	.153

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	2.20	-0.12	4.53	.254
Somewhat hard	-1.43	-4.67	1.81	.773
Hard	0.55	-4.44	5.54	.829
Very hard	-5.30	-12.17	1.56	.392

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	2.56	0.26	4.87	.118
Somewhat hard	-2.41	-5.30	0.49	.310
Hard	-0.42	-5.14	4.31	> .999
Very hard	0.37	-6.27	7.02	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	13.49	8.89	18.09	< .001
Somewhat hard	18.03	12.88	23.19	< .001
Hard	12.56	5.83	19.29	.001
Very hard	9.53	1.55	17.51	.020

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-9.69	-10.89	-8.48	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-16.28	-17.97	-14.59	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-21.55	-23.57	-19.54	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.59	-8.43	-4.75	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-11.87	-14.02	-9.72	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-5.28	-7.73	-2.82	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.41	-7.92	-2.91	< .001
Somewhat hard	-7.56	-10.86	-4.27	< .001
Hard	-5.87	-10.98	-0.77	.026
Very hard	-7.53	-13.43	-1.62	.026

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.69	-1.12	2.50	.907
Somewhat hard	-2.05	-4.53	0.44	.319
Hard	-0.99	-4.70	2.73	.907
Very hard	-6.79	-11.74	-1.84	.030

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.83	-0.96	2.62	> .999
Somewhat hard	-0.54	-2.76	1.68	> .999
Hard	-0.10	-3.59	3.40	> .999
Very hard	-0.93	-5.76	3.90	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	9.98	6.40	13.55	< .001
Somewhat hard	14.58	10.62	18.53	< .001
Hard	9.47	4.46	14.49	< .001
Very hard	8.18	2.37	13.99	.006

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Food \((N = 1535)\)
• Housing \((N = 1660)\)
• Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
• Healthcare \((N = 734)\)
• Social \((N = 736)\)
• Emotional \((N = 796)\)
• Childcare \((N = 660)\)
• Other \((N = 201)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	3.39	.066
House	7.29	.007
Utilities	18.24	< .001
Healthcare	18.15	< .001
Social	1.62	.203
Emotional	0.40	.526
Childcare	4.62	.032
Other	0.44	.505

West

key	statistic	p.value
Food	2.09	.148
House	0.13	.718
Utilities	12.24	< .001
Healthcare	1.78	.182
Social	0.01	.911
Emotional	1.01	.314
Childcare	0.02	.901
Other	0.22	.638

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Food	5.73	.017
House	1.66	.198
Utilities	1.35	.245
Healthcare	14.40	< .001
Social	0.14	.709
Emotional	0.50	.478
Childcare	5.87	.015
Other	0.01	.916

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Food	2.25	.134
House	2.21	.137
Utilities	0.01	.914
Healthcare	0.00	.964
Social	1.51	.219
Emotional	0.89	.344
Childcare	0.01	.919
Other	0.12	.724

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	15.15	< .001
House	8.57	.003
Utilities	15.22	< .001
Healthcare	0.00	> .999
Social	0.75	.388
Emotional	0.00	.994
Childcare	19.81	< .001
Other	0.63	.429

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	33.23	< .001
House	46.05	< .001
Utilities	43.82	< .001
Healthcare	5.94	.015
Social	0.01	.940
Emotional	1.19	.276
Childcare	1.17	.279
Other	0.01	.942

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Food	269.29	< .001
House	405.38	< .001
Utilities	741.74	< .001
Healthcare	7.64	.006
Social	154.93	< .001
Emotional	173.47	< .001
Childcare	32.41	< .001
Other	72.35	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Food	314.12	< .001
House	493.48	< .001
Utilities	846.51	< .001
Healthcare	38.94	< .001
Social	177.52	< .001
Emotional	213.15	< .001
Childcare	34.47	< .001
Other	81.95	< .001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	280.76	< .001
House	412.00	< .001
Utilities	763.73	< .001
Healthcare	8.74	.033
Social	165.55	< .001
Emotional	177.63	< .001
Childcare	49.81	< .001
Other	74.31	< .001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	290.78	< .001
House	429.32	< .001
Utilities	760.67	< .001
Healthcare	16.79	.001
Social	168.03	< .001
Emotional	198.53	< .001
Childcare	37.13	< .001
Other	76.52	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	281.58	< .001
House	416.77	< .001
Utilities	750.58	< .001
Healthcare	26.43	< .001
Social	167.50	< .001
Emotional	176.36	< .001
Childcare	36.16	< .001
Other	76.11	< .001

Related to well-being

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

• 0 \((N = 4148)\)
• 1 \((N = 657)\)
• 2 \((N = 898)\)
• 3 \((N = 740)\)
• 4 \((N = 409)\)
• 5 \((N = 214)\)
• 6 \((N = 101)\)
• 7 \((N = 54)\)
• 8 \((N = 2)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	21.96	< .001
1	1.14	.285
2	13.07	< .001
3	2.93	.087
4	0.39	.533
5	0.03	.863
6	1.01	.314

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	7.10	.008
1	0.64	.425
2	5.00	.025
3	0.51	.477
4	0.00	> .999
5	0.22	.640
6	1.48	.223

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	6.87	.009
1	0.00	.963
2	1.99	.158
3	1.01	.315
4	2.40	.121
5	0.15	.703
6	0.00	.946

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	0.04	.850
1	0.06	.813
2	0.20	.658
3	0.05	.818
4	0.38	.539
5	0.00	.971
6	0.04	.847

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	33.99	< .001
1	21.84	< .001
2	6.38	.012
3	0.71	.399
4	1.68	.195
5	0.00	> .999
6	0.38	.539

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	61.00	< .001
1	20.00	< .001
2	18.60	< .001
3	4.40	.036
4	0.28	.599
5	0.18	.672
6	2.98	.085

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	824.15	< .001
1	86.36	< .001
2	179.11	< .001
3	128.74	< .001
4	83.54	< .001
5	30.63	< .001
6	19.45	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	931.06	< .001
1	95.29	< .001
2	220.44	< .001
3	141.42	< .001
4	89.40	< .001
5	45.52	< .001
6	30.42	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	849.81	< .001
1	96.96	< .001
2	185.14	< .001
3	136.26	< .001
4	86.15	< .001
5	32.86	< .001
6	22.20	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.005
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.156
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	853.51	< .001
1	97.19	< .001
2	188.68	< .001
3	130.45	< .001
4	87.34	< .001
5	37.09	< .001
6	25.81	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.421
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	853.51	< .001
1	97.19	< .001
2	188.68	< .001
3	130.45	< .001
4	87.34	< .001
5	37.09	< .001
6	25.81	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
5.3	4.96	5.64	< .001

Related to child well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.19	3.78	4.59	< .001

Related to family well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.74	4.43	5.06	< .001

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	21.96	< .001
1+	21.96	< .001

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	7.1	.008
1+	7.1	.008

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	6.87	.009
1+	6.87	.009

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	0.04	.850
1+	0.04	.850

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	33.99	< .001
1+	33.99	< .001

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	61	< .001
1+	61	< .001

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	824.15	< .001
1+	824.15	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	931.06	< .001
1+	931.06	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	849.81	< .001
1+	849.81	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.096
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	853.51	< .001
1+	853.51	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.212
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	853.51	< .001
1+	853.51	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-15.27	-16.39	-14.15	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.42	-8.13	-2.72	< .001
1+	-6.84	-9.61	-4.06	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-1.06	-3.01	0.89	.286
1+	-3.39	-5.50	-1.28	.003

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-0.83	-2.74	1.09	.397
1+	2.64	0.73	4.56	.014

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	6.81	2.96	10.65	.001
1+	10.44	7.42	13.45	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-11.74	-13.08	-10.4	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.01	-8.19	-1.83	.002
1+	-6.92	-10.31	-3.53	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	1.71	-0.58	4.01	.285
1+	-1.01	-3.59	1.57	.443

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	2.19	-0.07	4.45	.116
1+	0.09	-2.25	2.43	.940

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	13.43	8.93	17.93	< .001
1+	15.40	11.74	19.06	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - (1+)	-13.51	-14.54	-12.48	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.27	-7.74	-2.81	< .001
1+	-6.88	-9.47	-4.30	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.33	-1.45	2.11	.720
1+	-2.16	-4.13	-0.20	.062

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.65	-1.10	2.40	.467
1+	1.36	-0.42	3.14	.269

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	10.12	6.62	13.62	< .001
1+	12.89	10.09	15.68	< .001