Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 7223 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and October 08, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 9.08% are Black/African American, 18.68% are LatinX, and 28.80% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 1878)\)
  • No \((N = 4287)\)
  • Didn’t Qualify \((N = 865)\)
  • Intend to apply \((N = 174)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.00 > .999
Intend to apply 0.66 .416
No 4.12 .042
Yes 3.78 .052

West

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.02 .888
Intend to apply 0.00 > .999
No 1.48 .224
Yes 1.54 .215

Northeast

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.08 .782
Intend to apply 1.91 .167
No 1.27 .259
Yes 0.97 .325

Midwest

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.00 .947
Intend to apply 0.02 .890
No 0.00 > .999
Yes 0.00 > .999

Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 1.32 .251
Intend to apply 13.26 < .001
No 31.28 < .001
Yes 34.01 < .001

LatinX

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.03 .860
Intend to apply 0.67 .413
No 6.99 .008
Yes 6.10 .014

Low income

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 24.20 < .001
Intend to apply 19.20 < .001
No 685.84 < .001
Yes 988.30 < .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 30.87 < .001
Intend to apply 21.67 < .001
No 783.45 < .001
Yes 1083.13 < .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 24.85 < .001
Intend to apply 29.00 < .001
No 696.25 < .001
Yes 995.37 < .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 26.75 < .001
Intend to apply 21.12 < .001
No 693.26 < .001
Yes 998.79 < .001

Income by South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 26.75 < .001
Intend to apply 21.12 < .001
No 693.26 < .001
Yes 998.79 < .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Health/Medical \((N = 1033)\)
  • Food \((N = 362)\)
  • Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 277)\)
  • Disability (not military) \((N = 235)\)
  • Military Pension \((N = 2)\)
  • Military Disability \((N = )\)
  • Military Medical Care \((N = 3)\)
  • Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 138)\)
  • Housing Subsidy \((N = 46)\)
  • Child Care Subsidy \((N = 28)\)
  • Other \((N = 30)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Health 0.05 .817
Food 0.04 .844
Income 0.28 .599
Disability 1.52 .218
Military pension 1.43 .232
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.43 .511
Military 1.00 .317
Housing 0.45 .502
Childcare 0.24 .624
Other 0.00 .977

West

key statistic p.value
Health 0.01 .943
Food 0.19 .661
Income 0.04 .840
Disability 8.41 .004
Military pension 0.00 .969
Military disability 0.26 .607
Military medical 0.88 .348
Military 6.12 .013
Housing 4.58 .032
Childcare 0.00 > .999
Other 0.02 .881

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Health 4.32 .038
Food 0.74 .391
Income 5.61 .018
Disability 1.02 .314
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.03 .856
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 0.76 .384
Housing 1.93 .165
Childcare 2.55 .110
Other 0.39 .534

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Health 1.90 .168
Food 0.26 .613
Income 2.77 .096
Disability 6.25 .012
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 0.24 .622
Housing 3.18 .074
Childcare 0.20 .651
Other 0.44 .508

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 2.58 .108
Food 35.77 < .001
Income 56.85 < .001
Disability 0.07 .786
Military pension 0.61 .435
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 7.30 .007
Housing 10.51 .001
Childcare 1.64 .200
Other 0.02 .882

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 2.76 .097
Food 2.99 .084
Income 0.00 .986
Disability 0.01 .922
Military pension 0.05 .824
Military disability 0.91 .340
Military medical 0.01 .923
Military 0.08 .773
Housing 3.62 .057
Childcare 0.00 > .999
Other 1.99 .159

Low income

key statistic p.value
Health 486.91 < .001
Food 109.41 < .001
Income 135.38 < .001
Disability 107.56 < .001
Military disability 0.06 .808
Military medical 0.06 .808
Military 92.98 < .001
Housing 28.91 < .001
Childcare 1.41 .235
Other 14.09 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Health 525.44 < .001
Food 118.26 < .001
Income 157.57 < .001
Disability 194.11 < .001
Military disability 1.52 .678
Military medical 1.52 .678
Military 116.30 < .001
Housing 32.55 < .001
Childcare 2.95 .400
Other 17.16 .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 489.76 < .001
Food 137.11 < .001
Income 193.54 < .001
Disability 108.15 < .001
Military disability 1.21 .750
Military medical 1.21 .750
Military 102.71 < .001
Housing 35.32 < .001
Childcare 2.93 .403
Other 16.14 .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 505.82 < .001
Food 122.65 < .001
Income 139.87 < .001
Disability 107.67 < .001
Military disability 16.55 .001
Military medical 1.56 .667
Military 102.90 < .001
Housing 41.52 < .001
Childcare 3.31 .347
Other 26.10 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Health 490.85 < .001
Food 113.59 < .001
Income 139.37 < .001
Disability 115.33 < .001
Military disability 2.45 .484
Military medical 2.45 .484
Military 94.41 < .001
Housing 35.15 < .001
Childcare 2.10 .552
Other 16.82 .001

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

  • Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 3599)\)
  • No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 224)\)
  • No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 388)\)
  • Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 110)\)
  • Other \((N = 55)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.62 .432
No, not expected 0.03 .873
Other 0.01 .920
Unsure 0.00 > .999
Yes 0.26 .613

West

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.24 .623
No, not expected 15.51 < .001
Other 0.19 .662
Unsure 1.68 .195
Yes 11.81 .001

Northeast

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.01 .932
No, not expected 2.89 .089
Other 0.19 .663
Unsure 0.41 .522
Yes 2.84 .092

Midwest

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.20 .657
No, not expected 8.28 .004
Other 0.00 .978
Unsure 0.47 .495
Yes 7.57 .006

Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 12.94 < .001
No, not expected 1.55 .213
Other 0.01 .904
Unsure 3.42 .065
Yes 2.71 .100

LatinX

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.07 .795
No, not expected 6.68 .010
Other 0.89 .346
Unsure 2.79 .095
Yes 10.23 .001

Low income

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.82 .365
No, not expected 0.22 .639
Other 24.29 < .001
Unsure 10.28 .001
Yes 7.83 .005

Income by Employment

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 2.01 .570
No, not expected 0.33 .954
Other 27.38 < .001
Unsure 18.29 < .001
Yes 8.84 .032

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 18.53 < .001
No, not expected 3.59 .309
Other 26.61 < .001
Unsure 15.34 .002
Yes 13.16 .004

Income by Latinx

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 2.25 .522
No, not expected 8.99 .029
Other 29.86 < .001
Unsure 12.02 .007
Yes 18.75 < .001

Income by South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 2.25 .522
No, not expected 8.99 .029
Other 29.86 < .001
Unsure 12.02 .007
Yes 18.75 < .001

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

  • Has decreased \((N = 3177)\)
  • Has stayed the same \((N = 3099)\)
  • Has increased \((N = 909)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 4.59 .032
Increased 9.52 .002
Stayed the same 0.00 .963

West

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 1.63 .202
Increased 0.02 .899
Stayed the same 1.94 .164

Northeast

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 3.98 .046
Increased 3.97 .046
Stayed the same 0.39 .531

Midwest

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 4.08 .043
Increased 2.37 .124
Stayed the same 0.92 .337

Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 8.92 .003
Increased 2.33 .127
Stayed the same 3.72 .054

LatinX

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 37.62 < .001
Increased 3.38 .066
Stayed the same 23.80 < .001

Low income

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 96.80 < .001
Increased 1.80 .180
Stayed the same 117.46 < .001

Income by Employment

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 208.05 < .001
Increased 10.30 .016
Stayed the same 185.53 < .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 91.60 < .001
Increased 7.40 .060
Stayed the same 103.11 < .001

Income by Latinx

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 107.13 < .001
Increased 2.36 .501
Stayed the same 116.91 < .001

Income by South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 107.13 < .001
Increased 2.36 .501
Stayed the same 116.91 < .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

  • No problems \((N = 2088)\)
  • Minor problems \((N = 3684)\)
  • Major problems \((N = 1095)\)
  • Extreme problems \((N = 349)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 15.29 < .001
Minor 0.03 .867
Major 14.41 < .001
Extreme 2.00 .157

West

financial_status statistic p.value
None 2.38 .123
Minor 0.47 .494
Major 1.55 .213
Extreme 7.68 .006

Northeast

financial_status statistic p.value
None 7.17 .007
Minor 2.18 .139
Major 1.96 .162
Extreme 0.01 .906

Midwest

financial_status statistic p.value
None 0.18 .669
Minor 0.10 .749
Major 2.88 .090
Extreme 1.12 .291

Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 19.04 < .001
Minor 0.01 .913
Major 9.42 .002
Extreme 18.87 < .001

LatinX

financial_status statistic p.value
None 36.78 < .001
Minor 4.77 .029
Major 17.77 < .001
Extreme 0.29 .592

Low income

financial_status statistic p.value
None 479.98 < .001
Minor 4.82 .028
Major 263.50 < .001
Extreme 205.28 < .001

Income by Employment

financial_status statistic p.value
None 570.57 < .001
Minor 42.86 < .001
Major 326.87 < .001
Extreme 316.67 < .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 487.94 < .001
Minor 7.62 .055
Major 268.31 < .001
Extreme 215.93 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.059
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.116
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status statistic p.value
None 499.37 < .001
Minor 8.18 .042
Major 270.69 < .001
Extreme 211.96 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.059
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.116
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 499.37 < .001
Minor 8.18 .042
Major 270.69 < .001
Extreme 211.96 < .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

  • No \((N = 5166)\)
  • Yes \((N = 2048)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 5.35 .021
Yes 5.35 .021

West

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 5.4 .020
Yes 5.4 .020

Northeast

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 2.55 .110
Yes 2.55 .110

Midwest

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 2.46 .117
Yes 2.46 .117

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 0 > .999
Yes 0 > .999

LatinX

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 18.23 < .001
Yes 18.23 < .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 47.27 < .001
Yes 47.27 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 85.24 < .001
Yes 85.24 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 61.87 < .001
Yes 61.87 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 57.25 < .001
Yes 57.25 < .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 57.25 < .001
Yes 57.25 < .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

  • No \((N = 5883)\)
  • Yes \((N = 771)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 3.48 .062
Yes 3.48 .062

West

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.92 .337
Yes 0.92 .337

Northeast

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.08 .776
Yes 0.08 .776

Midwest

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.6 .439
Yes 0.6 .439

Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.07 .789
Yes 0.07 .789

LatinX

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 21.22 < .001
Yes 21.22 < .001

Low income

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 31.7 < .001
Yes 31.7 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 75.56 < .001
Yes 75.56 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 40.6 < .001
Yes 40.6 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 43.58 < .001
Yes 43.58 < .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 43.58 < .001
Yes 43.58 < .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Cost \((N = 136)\)
  • Unable to get time away from work \((N = 127)\)
  • Inability to find childcare \((N = 221)\)
  • Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1617)\)
  • Caring for family members \((N = 125)\)
  • Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 137)\)
  • Other, please describe \((N = 387)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Cost 2.11 .146
Time away from work 0.59 .442
Inability find childcare 1.10 .294
Concern for covid 0.42 .517
Caring for family 0.00 .991
Vaccine hesitancy 0.04 .845
Other 12.39 < .001

West

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.01 .938
Time away from work 1.39 .238
Inability find childcare 1.33 .248
Concern for covid 2.56 .109
Caring for family 1.39 .238
Vaccine hesitancy 0.76 .384
Other 0.49 .483

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Cost 3.36 .067
Time away from work 2.39 .122
Inability find childcare 0.03 .859
Concern for covid 1.75 .186
Caring for family 4.17 .041
Vaccine hesitancy 1.25 .264
Other 1.61 .204

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.02 .894
Time away from work 0.58 .448
Inability find childcare 0.02 .893
Concern for covid 0.04 .837
Caring for family 0.10 .758
Vaccine hesitancy 0.08 .780
Other 4.07 .044

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.00 .974
Time away from work 2.35 .125
Inability find childcare 0.01 .914
Concern for covid 0.21 .644
Caring for family 0.12 .728
Vaccine hesitancy 5.77 .016
Other 9.11 .003

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 9.06 .003
Time away from work 0.40 .525
Inability find childcare 2.20 .138
Concern for covid 25.44 < .001
Caring for family 2.17 .141
Vaccine hesitancy 0.06 .805
Other 5.72 .017

Low income

key statistic p.value
Cost 10.86 .001
Time away from work 3.37 .066
Inability find childcare 21.84 < .001
Concern for covid 36.19 < .001
Caring for family 13.55 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 13.05 < .001
Other 0.96 .326

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Cost 23.37 < .001
Time away from work 11.28 .010
Inability find childcare 34.15 < .001
Concern for covid 68.19 < .001
Caring for family 24.65 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 26.34 < .001
Other 7.25 .064

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 14.08 .003
Time away from work 4.60 .203
Inability find childcare 23.69 < .001
Concern for covid 46.33 < .001
Caring for family 18.80 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 19.79 < .001
Other 13.61 .003

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 14.60 .002
Time away from work 7.01 .072
Inability find childcare 25.19 < .001
Concern for covid 54.43 < .001
Caring for family 20.51 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 18.37 < .001
Other 6.29 .098

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Cost 14.14 .003
Time away from work 5.37 .146
Inability find childcare 24.23 < .001
Concern for covid 37.75 < .001
Caring for family 14.31 .003
Vaccine hesitancy 17.83 < .001
Other 12.01 .007

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2334)\)
  • No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1163)\)
  • No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3361)\)
  • Unsure \((N = 349)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.19 .664
No, not eligible 8.28 .004
Unsure 0.06 .814
Yes 12.74 < .001

West

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 5.95 .015
No, not eligible 1.58 .209
Unsure 1.15 .284
Yes 0.00 .976

Northeast

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 6.37 .012
No, not eligible 27.69 < .001
Unsure 0.38 .537
Yes 15.24 < .001

Midwest

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.02 .894
No, not eligible 0.00 .995
Unsure 0.72 .397
Yes 0.31 .576

Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 1.71 .191
No, not eligible 73.80 < .001
Unsure 1.42 .233
Yes 75.34 < .001

LatinX

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 2.98 .084
No, not eligible 59.93 < .001
Unsure 2.53 .111
Yes 37.24 < .001

Low income

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 3.36 .067
No, not eligible 1071.39 < .001
Unsure 5.39 .020
Yes 1273.39 < .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 12.06 .007
No, not eligible 1123.02 < .001
Unsure 7.70 .053
Yes 1318.12 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 12.86 .005
No, not eligible 1096.30 < .001
Unsure 11.76 .008
Yes 1291.40 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 8.18 .043
No, not eligible 1097.81 < .001
Unsure 7.52 .057
Yes 1291.10 < .001

Income by South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 8.18 .043
No, not eligible 1097.81 < .001
Unsure 7.52 .057
Yes 1291.10 < .001

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

  • Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1672)\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1304)\)
  • No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1672)\)
  • No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1295)\)
  • No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 134)\)
  • Not applicable \((N = 483)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.28 .600
No, didn’t know how 1.87 .172
No, not available 16.57 < .001
No, planned 0.28 .599
Yes 12.68 < .001

West

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.43 .232
No, didn’t know how 2.44 .119
No, not available 16.87 < .001
No, planned 1.91 .167
Yes 5.30 .021

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 4.08 .043
No, didn’t know how 0.72 .397
No, not available 0.00 .958
No, planned 6.33 .012
Yes 12.85 < .001

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.17 .279
No, didn’t know how 6.13 .013
No, not available 0.01 .906
No, planned 0.00 .959
Yes 2.37 .123

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.47 .225
No, didn’t know how 1.73 .188
No, not available 7.81 .005
No, planned 15.79 < .001
Yes 27.23 < .001

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.80 .372
No, didn’t know how 0.85 .358
No, not available 5.48 .019
No, planned 50.35 < .001
Yes 66.85 < .001

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.44 .506
No, didn’t know how 9.42 .002
No, not available 100.89 < .001
No, planned 194.94 < .001
Yes 514.00 < .001
free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.44 .506
No, didn’t know how 9.42 .002
No, not available 100.89 < .001
No, planned 194.94 < .001
Yes 514.00 < .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 4.55 .208
No, didn’t know how 11.23 .011
No, not available 106.48 < .001
No, planned 210.54 < .001
Yes 544.10 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 4.69 .196
No, didn’t know how 17.39 .001
No, not available 105.33 < .001
No, planned 200.81 < .001
Yes 518.09 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.64 .650
No, didn’t know how 12.30 .006
No, not available 105.15 < .001
No, planned 225.90 < .001
Yes 544.65 < .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 1.64 .650
No, didn’t know how 12.30 .006
No, not available 105.15 < .001
No, planned 225.90 < .001
Yes 544.65 < .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

  • Very hard \((N = 513)\)
  • Hard \((N = 772)\)
  • Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
  • Not very hard \((N = 4064)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 22.64 < .001
Somewhat hard 9.44 .002
Hard 2.00 .158
Very hard 4.64 .031

West

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 6.38 .012
Somewhat hard 3.54 .060
Hard 1.77 .184
Very hard 10.70 .001

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 7.04 .008
Somewhat hard 3.03 .082
Hard 0.33 .569
Very hard 1.81 .179

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 0.15 .698
Somewhat hard 0.00 > .999
Hard 6.17 .013
Very hard 4.56 .033

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 36.37 < .001
Somewhat hard 10.07 .002
Hard 4.11 .043
Very hard 13.21 < .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 63.70 < .001
Somewhat hard 20.79 < .001
Hard 25.69 < .001
Very hard 2.04 .154

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 855.85 < .001
Somewhat hard 181.97 < .001
Hard 212.41 < .001
Very hard 266.67 < .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 962.99 < .001
Somewhat hard 216.22 < .001
Hard 226.79 < .001
Very hard 341.15 < .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 880.54 < .001
Somewhat hard 193.63 < .001
Hard 219.94 < .001
Very hard 269.24 < .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 887.13 < .001
Somewhat hard 189.25 < .001
Hard 235.51 < .001
Very hard 269.42 < .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 887.13 < .001
Somewhat hard 189.25 < .001
Hard 235.51 < .001
Very hard 269.42 < .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Food \((N = 1535)\)
  • Housing \((N = 1660)\)
  • Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
  • Healthcare \((N = 734)\)
  • Social \((N = 736)\)
  • Emotional \((N = 796)\)
  • Childcare \((N = 660)\)
  • Other \((N = 201)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Food 3.39 .066
House 7.29 .007
Utilities 18.24 < .001
Healthcare 18.15 < .001
Social 1.62 .203
Emotional 0.40 .526
Childcare 4.62 .032
Other 0.44 .505

West

key statistic p.value
Food 2.09 .148
House 0.13 .718
Utilities 12.24 < .001
Healthcare 1.78 .182
Social 0.01 .911
Emotional 1.01 .314
Childcare 0.02 .901
Other 0.22 .638

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Food 5.73 .017
House 1.66 .198
Utilities 1.35 .245
Healthcare 14.40 < .001
Social 0.14 .709
Emotional 0.50 .478
Childcare 5.87 .015
Other 0.01 .916

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Food 2.25 .134
House 2.21 .137
Utilities 0.01 .914
Healthcare 0.00 .964
Social 1.51 .219
Emotional 0.89 .344
Childcare 0.01 .919
Other 0.12 .724

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 15.15 < .001
House 8.57 .003
Utilities 15.22 < .001
Healthcare 0.00 > .999
Social 0.75 .388
Emotional 0.00 .994
Childcare 19.81 < .001
Other 0.63 .429

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 33.23 < .001
House 46.05 < .001
Utilities 43.82 < .001
Healthcare 5.94 .015
Social 0.01 .940
Emotional 1.19 .276
Childcare 1.17 .279
Other 0.01 .942

Low income

key statistic p.value
Food 269.29 < .001
House 405.38 < .001
Utilities 741.74 < .001
Healthcare 7.64 .006
Social 154.93 < .001
Emotional 173.47 < .001
Childcare 32.41 < .001
Other 72.35 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Food 314.12 < .001
House 493.48 < .001
Utilities 846.51 < .001
Healthcare 38.94 < .001
Social 177.52 < .001
Emotional 213.15 < .001
Childcare 34.47 < .001
Other 81.95 < .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 280.76 < .001
House 412.00 < .001
Utilities 763.73 < .001
Healthcare 8.74 .033
Social 165.55 < .001
Emotional 177.63 < .001
Childcare 49.81 < .001
Other 74.31 < .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 290.78 < .001
House 429.32 < .001
Utilities 760.67 < .001
Healthcare 16.79 .001
Social 168.03 < .001
Emotional 198.53 < .001
Childcare 37.13 < .001
Other 76.52 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Food 281.58 < .001
House 416.77 < .001
Utilities 750.58 < .001
Healthcare 26.43 < .001
Social 167.50 < .001
Emotional 176.36 < .001
Childcare 36.16 < .001
Other 76.11 < .001

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

  • 0 \((N = 4148)\)
  • 1 \((N = 657)\)
  • 2 \((N = 898)\)
  • 3 \((N = 740)\)
  • 4 \((N = 409)\)
  • 5 \((N = 214)\)
  • 6 \((N = 101)\)
  • 7 \((N = 54)\)
  • 8 \((N = 2)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 21.96 < .001
1 1.14 .285
2 13.07 < .001
3 2.93 .087
4 0.39 .533
5 0.03 .863
6 1.01 .314

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 7.10 .008
1 0.64 .425
2 5.00 .025
3 0.51 .477
4 0.00 > .999
5 0.22 .640
6 1.48 .223

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 6.87 .009
1 0.00 .963
2 1.99 .158
3 1.01 .315
4 2.40 .121
5 0.15 .703
6 0.00 .946

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 0.04 .850
1 0.06 .813
2 0.20 .658
3 0.05 .818
4 0.38 .539
5 0.00 .971
6 0.04 .847

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 33.99 < .001
1 21.84 < .001
2 6.38 .012
3 0.71 .399
4 1.68 .195
5 0.00 > .999
6 0.38 .539

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 61.00 < .001
1 20.00 < .001
2 18.60 < .001
3 4.40 .036
4 0.28 .599
5 0.18 .672
6 2.98 .085

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 824.15 < .001
1 86.36 < .001
2 179.11 < .001
3 128.74 < .001
4 83.54 < .001
5 30.63 < .001
6 19.45 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 931.06 < .001
1 95.29 < .001
2 220.44 < .001
3 141.42 < .001
4 89.40 < .001
5 45.52 < .001
6 30.42 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 849.81 < .001
1 96.96 < .001
2 185.14 < .001
3 136.26 < .001
4 86.15 < .001
5 32.86 < .001
6 22.20 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.005
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.156
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 853.51 < .001
1 97.19 < .001
2 188.68 < .001
3 130.45 < .001
4 87.34 < .001
5 37.09 < .001
6 25.81 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.421
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 853.51 < .001
1 97.19 < .001
2 188.68 < .001
3 130.45 < .001
4 87.34 < .001
5 37.09 < .001
6 25.81 < .001

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 21.96 < .001
1+ 21.96 < .001

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 7.1 .008
1+ 7.1 .008

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 6.87 .009
1+ 6.87 .009

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 0.04 .850
1+ 0.04 .850

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 33.99 < .001
1+ 33.99 < .001

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 61 < .001
1+ 61 < .001

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 824.15 < .001
1+ 824.15 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 931.06 < .001
1+ 931.06 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 849.81 < .001
1+ 849.81 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.096
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 853.51 < .001
1+ 853.51 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.212
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 853.51 < .001
1+ 853.51 < .001